الجمعة، مايو 28، 2021

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ehab aboueladab - paper-https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2884-4902

 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2884-4902

    • Damietta University: Damietta, Damietta, EG

      2006-10-02 to present | Associate Prof dr of Biochemistry (Home Economics )
      Education
        Source: ehab aboueladab
         Preferred source

    Invited positions and distinctions (1)

      • Damietta University: Damietta, Damietta, EG

        1998-01-26 to present | Associate professor  (Home Economics)
        Invited position
          Source: ehab aboueladab
           Preferred source

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      الأحد، مايو 16، 2021

      GRAM +VE COCCI

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

      GRAM +VE COCCI

      Staphylococcus SPP.

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

      ·        Cocci.    -Gram +ve

       

      ·        Catalse +Ve

       

      ·        arranged in cluster of grapes

       

      ·        -most staphylococcus Non motile. Non sopre.

       

      ·        -most staphylococcus facultative anerobic.

       

      ·        -able to grow in media containing high concentration of salt.

       

      ·        -at temp from 18C-40C staph bacteria are present on the skin and mucous membrane of human.

       

      ·        -Opportunistic infections.

       

      ·        the outer layer of most staphylococcus cell wall covered with (polysaccharide capsule).

       

      ·        -Eleven capsular serotypes have been identified in S.aureus with serotypes 5 and 7 associated with majority of infection.

       

      ·        -peptidoglycan can form Half the cell wall of staph.

       

      ·        protin A can be used as specific identification test for S.aureus( not other Non coagulase staph)

       

      ·        -There are simple biochemical tests e.g (coagulase, protein A ,

      heat- stable nuclease , manitol fermentation) can be used to identify colonies ofS. Aureus and other staph.

       

       

       

       

      Staphylococcus aureus

       

       

       

      Characteristics

      *  cause most Staphylococcal diseases .

      *  Gr + Ve Cocci .

      *  Non Sporing , Non Motile Cocci

      *Usually has capsulate .(polysaccharide)&slim layer.

      *  Facultative anaerobic .

       

      Habitat

      *  Humans ( nose , skin , mucous ) .

      *  Always present in hospital environment .

      *  Survives drying . Tolerant of Salts

      Transmission

      *  Direct contact .

      *  Airborne route .

       

       

       

       

       

      Pathogenesis

      *Capsule= inhibits chemotaxis and phagocytosis. And facilitates adherence to foreign bodies.

      *Peptidoglycan= inhibits phagocytosis.

      *  Hemolysins = lyse RBCs

      *  Coagulase = converts fibrinogen to fibrin(clots plasma)

      *catalase= remove of hydrogen peroxide.

      *  Fibrinolysin = Digest fibrin

      *  Leucocidin = kills leukocytes

      *  DNase = hydrolyses DNA

      *       Protein   A   =    Antiphagocytosis (inhibits  antibody clearance) and anticomplementary.

      *  Enterotoxin = Vomiting & diarrhea

      *      TSS toxin-1 = produce leakage or destruction of endothelial cells.

      *  Exfoliative Toxin = Skin exfoliative

       

       

      Diseases

      *  Superficial infection(scalded skin syndrome) ( SSS )

      *  Surgical Wound Infection

      *  Toxic Shock Syndrome . (( TSS ))

      *  Toxic Food Poisoning . (( TFP ))

      *  Septicemia , Endocarditis , pneumonia .

       

      Laboratory Identification

      *  White or Golden Colonies on Blood Agar

      *  Catalase +Ve , Coagulase +Ve , DNase + Ve

       

       

       

       

      Staphylococcus epidermidis

       

       

       

      Characteristics

      *  Rarely cause infections in health people .

      *  Gr + Ve Cocci .

      *  Non Sporing , Non Motile Cocci

      *Opportunistic pathogen.

      *  Facultative anaerobic .

      *Slime layer.

       

      Habitat

      *  Humans (skin) .

      *  Always present in hospital environment .

      *  Survives drying . Tolerant of Salts

      Transmission

      * Direct contact

       

       

      Pathogenesis

      *  Lower pathogenicity than Staph. Aureus .

      *    Viscous extracellular slime = Enable the bacteria to adhere to a foreign surface .

       

      Diseases

      *  Urinary Tract Infection ( UTI )

      *    Prosthetic valve Endocarditis.

      *Bacteremia.

      *surgical wounds.

      *central nervous system infection.

       

      Laboratory Identification

      *  White Colonies on Blood Agar

      *  Catalase +Ve , Coagulase -Ve , DNase - Ve

      *  Sensitive to Novobiocin disc .

       

       

       

       

      Staphylococcus saprophyticus

       

       

      Characteristics

      *  Gr + Ve Cocci .

      *  Non Sporing , Non Motile Cocci

      *  Facultative anaerobic .

       

      Habitat

      *  Skin

      *    Genitourinary mucosa .

      Transmission

      *  Direct contact

      *  Endogenous spread to urinary tract .

       

       

      Pathogenesis

      *  Virulance factors unknown

      *    But , this bacteria has ability to colonize periurethral skin & mucosa .

       

      Diseases

       

      * Urinary Tract Infection ( UTI ): opportunistic infection.

       

      Laboratory Identification

      *  White Colonies on Blood Agar

      *  Catalase +Ve , Coagulase -Ve , DNase - Ve

      *  Resistance to Novobiocin disc .

      Streptococcus SPP

       

      - Gram +ve cocci

      -catalase –ve.

      -arranged in pairs or chains.

      -most streptococcus facultative anaerobic.

      -some grow only in atmosphere enhanced with carbon dioxide(capnophilic growth).

      -carbohydrates are fermented, resulting in the production of lactic acid.

      - most B-hemolytic streptococcus have group –specific antigen.

      -most (but not all) alpha-hemolytic streptococcus and nonhemolytic streptococcus (gamma) do not have the group –specific antigen.

      -PYR ( L-pyrrolindonyl-B-arylamidase)

      if positive(Streptococcus pyogenes) or negative (Streptococcus anginosus)

       

      -ASO tests useful confirming test for rheumatic fever or acute glomerulonephritis caused BY Streptococcus pyogenes.

       

       

       

       

      Classification of Common Streptococcal Pathogens

       

      Biochemical

      Classification            Serologic Classification           Hemolysis Patterns

       

      S. pyogenes                                A                                             β

       

      S. agalactiae                               B                      β; occasionally nonhemolytic

       

      S. dysgalactiae                           C, G                                          β

       

      S. anginosus group                   A, C, F, G, nongroupable

      β; occasionally α or nonhemolytic

       

      S. bovis                                   D                    α; nonhemolytic; occasionally β Viridans group                                  Nongroupable                     α or nonhemolytic

      S. pneumoniae

       

      Enterococci

      Nongroupable D

      Α

       

      α – β or Gamma

       

       

       

      Biochemical Identification of Common Streptococci

       

       

       

      Organism

      Susceptibility Bacitracin Optochin

      Hippurate hydrolysis

      CAMP

      reaction

      Bile solubility

       

      S. pyogenes*

       

      S             R

       

      -

       

      -

       

      -

      S. agalactiae

      R            R

      +

      +

      -

      S. anginosus†

      R            R

      -

      -

      -

      S.

      dysgalactiae‡

      R            R

      -

      -

      -

       

      S. pneumoniae

       

      R             S

       

      -

       

      -

       

      +

      Viridans group

      R            R

      -

      -

      -

       

       

      S= Sensitive R= Resistant

      Streptococcus pyogenes

      ( Group A , B hemolytic streptococcus )

       

       

       

      Characteristics

      *  Gr + Ve cocci in chain .

      *  Non Sporing , Non Motile Cocci .

      *  Some strains produce a hyaluronic acid capsule .

      *  Facultative anaerobic .

      *Growth is optimal on enriched-blood agar media.

      *inhibited if the medium contain high conc.of glucose.

      *the basic structural cell wall is peptidoglycan.

       

      Habitat

      * Commensal in the throat or skin

      Transmission

      Direct contact Airborne route

       

       

       

       

       

      Pathogenesis

      ·         M Protein = Antiphagocytosis [ Major Virulence Factor ]

      *T protein= unknown function.

      *capsule=Antiphagocytosis.

      ·         Hemolysins = lyse RBCs.

      ·         Erythrogenic toxins = cause fever & rash in scarlet fever

      ·         Streptokinase = lyses Blood clot .

      ·         DNAse = hydrolyses DNA .

      ·         NADase = Kills Leucocytes .

       

       

      Diseases

      ·         Pharyngitis , Tonsilitist , Otitist media .

      ·         Erysipelae & lampotigo .

      ·         Scarlet Fever .

      ·         Rheumatic Fever .(ASO confirming test)

      ·         Endocarditis .

       

      Laboratory Identification

      ·         White small colonies on blood agar .

      ·         Colonies surrounded by Beta Hemolysis.

      ·         Catalase –Ve

      ·         Bacitracin Sensitive

      ·         PYR +Ve.

       

       

      Streptococcus agalactiae

      (( Group B , Beta hemolysis Streptococcus ))

       

      Characteristics

      *  Gr + Ve cocci in chain .

      *  Non Sporing , Non Motile Cocci .

      *  Facultative anaerobic .

      *capsule(polysaccharide)

      *the surface protein (C protein)

       

      Habitat

      * Normal Vaginal ( 25% ) & Oral flora .

      Transmission

      * Direct Contact

       

      Pathogenesis

       

      *  Virulance factors not clearly Identified .

      *  Capsule is major virulence factor if it is present

      .=Antiphagocytosis .

       

       

      Diseases

      ·         Neonatal Meningitis .

      ·         Septicaemia

      ·         Septic abortion .

      ·         Pneumonia.

       

      Laboratory Identification

      ·         Colonies on blood agar larger than S.pyogenes .

      ·         The colonies are buttery a narrow zone of B- hemolytic.

      ·         Colonies surrounded by Beta Hemolysis.

      ·         Catalase –Ve

      ·         Bacitracin Sensitive .

      ·         CAMP test +Ve

      ·         Hippurate hydrolysis +Ve.

       

      Streptococcus pneumonia

      (( Alpha Hemolytic Sterptococcus ))

       

       

       

      Characteristics

      ·         Commonest pathogen cause pneumonia .

      ·         Lancet shape.

      ·         Gr + Ve Diplococci

      * Non Sporing , Non Motile Cocci .

      ·         Ploysaccharide capsule .

      ·         Facultative anaerobic .

      ·         Major cell wall structure is peptidoglycan (like all gram-positive cocci).

      ·         The other major cell wall component is teichoic acid.

       

      Habitat

      * Commensal in Human Respiratory Tract .

      Transmission

      * Droplet spread .

       

      Pathogenesis

       

      * Capsule = Antiphagocytosis .

       

       

      Diseases

      ·         Pneumonia .

      ·         Septicemia .(Bactermia)

      ·         Meningitis ( Children less than 3 years & adults 45 years and above ))

      ·         Otitis Media .

       

      Laboratory Identification

      ·         White small colonies on blood agar .

      ·         Colonies surrounded by Alpha Hemolysis.

      ·         Can grow only on enriched media.

      ·         Can ferment several carbohydrates.(lactic acid)

      ·         Grow poorly in media with high glucose concentration.

      ·         Catalase –Ve

      ·         Optichin Sensitive .

      ·         Bile solubility Sensitive.

       

       

       

       

      Streptococcus viridans

      (( Alpha Hemolytic Sterptococcus ))

       

       

       

      Characteristics

      ·         Gr + Ve cocci

      ·         Non Sporing , Non Motile Cocci .

      ·         Facultative anaerobic .

      ·         Do not have group-specific.

       

      Habitat

      ·         Commensal in the human upper respiratory tract .

      ·         Large Number are found in Oral Cavity .

      ·         Rarely found in skin because fatty acid in skin are toxic to them

      Transmission

      ·         Droplet Spread .

       

       

      Pathogenesis

      ·         Attachment to tooth enamel & gums via various carbohydrates is important in establishment the colonization .

      ·         Ability to produce acid cause ---} Dental caries .

       

       

      Diseases

      ·         Dental caries .

      ·         Bacterial endocarditis (( Bacteria enter the blood stream as result of dental manipulation and attach to damaged cardic valves .

      ·         Intraabdominal infections.

       

      Laboratory Identification

      ·         White small colonies on blood agar .

      ·         Produce green pigments on blood agar.

      ·         Colonies surrounded by Alpha Hemolysis.

      ·         Catalase –Ve .

      ·         Optichin Resistant .

       

       

       

       

       

      COCCI +VE GRAM

       

      اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﯿﮫ

      Medical Microbiology

      Patrick Murray ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟﻒ

       

       

       

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